The Engineering Angle on Everyday Joint Pain
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Research & Sources
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Lubricin / PRG4 and boundary lubrication: Waller
KA et al., PNAS (2013); Jay GD, Matrix Biology (2014); Reesink HL
et al., Arthritis Research & Therapy (2016).
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Hyaluronic acid in joint lubrication: Lin W &
Klein J, Acta Biomaterialia (2020); Liu Y et al., ACS Applied
Materials & Interfaces (2020).
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Inflammation & cytokines in osteoarthritis:
Goldring MB & Otero M, Current Opinion in Rheumatology (2011);
Goldring MB, Arthritis Research & Therapy (2004); De Roover A et
al., Osteoarthritis & Cartilage (2023).
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Microgravity and cartilage/joint health: Ganse B
et al., NPJ Microgravity (2022); Fitzgerald J, NPJ Microgravity
(2017); ISS National Lab release (2024).
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Synovial joint biomechanics (overview):
StatPearls (2024); textbook chapter overview.
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Global epidemiology & burden of osteoarthritis:
Hunter DJ & Bierma-Zeinstra S, The Lancet (2019).
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Osteoarthritis pathogenesis (primer): Loeser RF
et al., Nature Reviews Disease Primers (2016).
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Articular cartilage structure & function: Sophia
Fox AJ et al., Sports Health (2009).
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Aging of articular cartilage: Buckwalter JA &
Mankin HJ, Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery (1997).
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Clinical review, knee OA: Felson DT, New England
Journal of Medicine (2006).
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OARSI management recommendations: Zhang W et al.,
Osteoarthritis & Cartilage (2008/2010 updates).
